that label (even if we object to it). Those that were caught were persecuted as such. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 43(1), 67-88. Them being a same-sex couple is not considered to be a deviant role. I studied journalism at the university, worked for media and digital agencies, and organized several events for ed-tech companies. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? When society finds some act criminal or deviant, they usually place the term of Mental Illness on those who show that behaviour so that society can understand the reason for the behaviour and come to terms with it. Labelling theory however has many inherent drawbacks. Young, J (1971). The delinquent adolescent misbehaves, the authority responds by treating the adolescent like someone who misbehaves, and the adolescent responds in turn by misbehaving again. (1965). Becker (1953) wrote in his book, the Marijuana user, that the drug does not produce any addiction and that it has no withdraw sickness or any sort of substance that makes the user crave for the drug. But as mentioned before, the individual or group may seek to rationalize their behaviour, thus avoiding the prospect of self labelling. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Free resources to assist you with your legal studies! Bernburg, J. G. Chapter title: Labeling and Secondary Deviance. Labelling theory and its theorists focus on the groups and/or individuals who were deemed to be criminal and labelled thus by society. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. According to being labeled a deviant person is one that engages in deviant behaviors. He pointed out that deviance was created entirely on the whims of authority. Zhang, L., & Messner, S. F. (1994a). (1984). The drugtakers. to the labeled person. These are the sources and citations used to research Strengths and weaknesses of labelling theory. - Critics doubt the existence of an unconscious mind how . The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Chriss, J. J. There have been arguments that labelling in . If the person views themselves as a criminal then the secondary deviant phase has begun. This is due to the fact that people with low self esteem or a different/weak personality trait takes these drugs to show that they can handle it and want to rebel against society. It has occurred only when both the society and individual consider him or her to be a criminal or a deviant. This effect is so profound that Becker states that individuals with this label begin to be associated with the word criminal. That is not a drawback but merely a statement of facts. the individuals self-concept and Erwin Lamert (1951) founded the societal Reaction theory. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. He mentions that once a person has the label of criminal associated with him or her; it becomes stuck with them and acts as a constant label. Outsiders: Studies In The Sociology of Deviance. He stated that if a person is described as being a criminal then he automatically becomes one. This lack of conventional tires can have a large impact on self-definition and lead to subsequent deviance (Bernburg, 2009). 2nd ed. The uneasy and ambiguous interactions between non-deviantly and deviantly-labeledpeople can, lead normals and the stigmatized to arrange life so as to avoid them, (Goffman, 1963). This bibliography was generated on Cite This For Me on Wednesday, May 11, 2016. Labeling theory. Most studies found a positive correlation between formal labeling and subsequent deviant behavior, and a smaller but still substantial number found no effect (Huizinga and Henry, 2008). There is however no scientific study on the effects of the above factors. Noting this discrepancy, Sherman and Smith (1992) aimed to examine the effect of arrest for domestic violence on subsequent violence and found that arrest for domestic violence increased the likelihood for subsequent arrest for domestic violence, but only in cases where the perpetrator was unemployed. He then went on to find that tribe that had stuttering, placed a very high meaning and emphasis on storytelling and oratory skills. The biggest drawback one may say that affects labelling theory is that it has not yet been empirically validated. Gouldner (1968) argued that labelling theorists made the individual look innocent by the application of labels by control agents such as the police and society. He questioned fifty of those users and found that they did not have any pre-dispositional behaviour towards it. Criticism in the 1970s undermined the popularity of labeling theory. Labelling theory is one of the main parts of social action, or interactionist theory, which seeks to understand human action by looking at micro-level processes, looking at social life through a microscope, from the ground-up. It has occurred only when both the society and individual consider him or her to be a criminal or a deviant. He therefore suggested that the actual act is impertinent to the theory. If she lives in Illinois, where the use of medical marijuana is legal and decriminalized, she will have no problem purchasing and using it. They mention that the above mentioned factors can either enhance or mitigate the effects of labelling theory. Scheff said that mental ill was the product of societal influence, going against the common perceptions of the time. It is the teachers duty to focus on students strengths and help them to . - Psychoanalytic explanations have had some influence on policies for dealing with crime and deviance. Any misbehavior may be explained entirely by how that individual is labeled as a criminal (Travis, 2002). Strengths Results can be reliably reproduced. Labeling theorists specify two types of categories when investigating the implications of labeling: formal and informal labels. An example to this would be the issue of homosexuality. This manifests both on the societal and individual level. Thomas, Charles Horton Cooley, and Herbert Blumer, among others. Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Labelling Theory Question Crime and Deviance 20 Marks , What does 'Evaluate labelling theories' mean? From a theoretical perspective, Matsueda drew on the behavioral principles of George Herbert Mead, which states that ones perception of themselves is formed by their interactions with others. The main point of view is whether he or she has accepted the criminal label. Becker proposed that criminal behaviour is dynamic in nature and changes throughout time. The following strengths and weaknesses apply to the classical conditioning theory and behaviorism as a whole (Kompa, 2020). Labelling theory is the theory that the public act in the way that society has labelled them, which gives negative connotations towards that person. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The smoking of marijuana is another example, although it is illegal in most of the societies and nations it is now slowly being tolerated in some and even being legalised in others. Bernburg, J. G., Krohn, M. D., & Rivera, C. J. In this article, we share everything you need to know about the fascinating labeling theory. , Is my teacher marking my work unfairly?? Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40220048. Scheff said that mental ill was the product of societal influence, going against the common perceptions of the time. Helping make knowledgeable predictions. Different audiences may have different reactions to a crime and thus the punishment and the labelling will vary even though the same crime is being committed. Link (1982) proposes two processes for social exclusion among those labeled as deviant: a rejection oor devaluation of the deviant person by the community and authorities; and secondly, the labeledperson can expect rejection and devaluation, leading to social withdrawal. A life-course theory of cumulative disadvantage and the stability of delinquency. Control Strategy: Control theory advances the proposition that weak bonds between the individual and society allow people to deviate. The second is known as the Secondary deviance phase. Outsiders-Defining Deviance. perceive ourselves depends in part on how others see us, so To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. When society finds some act criminal or deviant, they usually place the term of Mental Illness on those who show that behaviour so that society can understand the reason for the behaviour and come to terms with it. Profiling And Investigating Serious Crimes Criminology Essay, CustomWritings Professional Academic Writing Service, Tips on How to Order Essay. It is applied to education in relation to teachers applying labels on their pupils in terms of their ability, potential or behaviour. Labeling theory is associated with the work of Becker and is a reaction to sociological theories which examined only the characteristics of the deviants, rather than the agencies which controlled them. Those are, no acts are inherently criminal, there can be a process of self-labelling, it covers or is supposed to cover all criminal activity, depends on the members of the society or those that do the labelling and finally it depends on the personality of the individual. It has been criticized for ignoring the capacity of the individual to resist the labeling and assuming that it is an automatic process. There are clearly some acts considered wrong in almost all the societies and nations in the world, murder, arson are a few such examples (cited in labelling theory). The effect of arrest and justice system sanctions on subsequent behavior: Findings from longitudinal and other studies. African American children, for example, are more likely to be seen as rrule-breakers by their parents than their white peers (Matsueda, 1992). Both the theories, judge crime on the type of people and how they have been deemed, both theories try to explain crime from social perspectives. History has shown that society has and will change to accept criminal behaviour or to make legal behaviour illegal. judgments, or labels, that modify As a rule, such labels are imposed by people who represent the force of law or who are empowered to apply to others the well-defined rules of conventional morality. According to him, society then places certain behavioural expectations on the individual and the individual subconsciously changes his behaviour to suit the expectations of society. It becomes so extreme that it becomes their one and only status. - The theory points to the importance of early socialisation and family relationships in understanding criminal behaviour. Research has shown that many of the youth gangs who come from the lower class get arrested and are labelled further as criminals. Labelling theory supports the idea of radical non-interventionism, in which policy dictates that certain acts are decriminalised and the removal of the social stigmata surrounding the acts. The past 20 years have brought significant attempts to improve the methodology of labeling theory research. Howard Becker is an American sociologist who produced Outsiders in 1963 that talks about the Sociology of Deviance. Those are that society changes, and so does labelling. 24-31): Routledge. At the instance that they act deviant and go through Primary and Secondary deviance, society will label them as such until their self-perception grows to match it. His main concept was the 'dramatization of evil'. Labelling theory however has many inherent drawbacks. In the early times, it was illegal. Info: 2729 words (11 pages) Essay The community where they live is likely to support and treat it as any other marriage. David Rosenhans study . What matters was the type of people going through the criminal justice system. This original research found that arresting suspected perpetrators of domestic violence had a deterrent effect. Therefore, they are the ones who make the rules as to whats considered deviancy and mold the criminal justice system as to the definition of who are deviants. By telling your employer that, you're letting them know you lack self-reflection. Lemert states that there are exceptions and people continue to stay in the primary phase, an example would be someone who rationalizes that the so called criminal act is legal as it is necessary for them to survive and earn money (an exotic dancer would be an example). He said that labelling theory and the mentally ill have no influence on one another. He then went on to find that tribe that had stuttering, placed a very high meaning and emphasis on storytelling and oratory skills. Those who support the theory see its strengths in: The weak spots of the labeling theory include: Works from other sociologists and researchers about the labeling theory are as follows: The modern labeling theory is credited to Howard Becker. Labelling theorists studied the various interactions between the criminal groups and individuals and the conformist society. Its understanding is fundamental for those who wish to receive profound knowledge in many fields, including sociology and criminology. Stigma and social identity. The labeling of convicted felons and its consequences for recidivism. Criminal justice and behavior, 21(4), 387-402. Becker proposed that criminal behaviour is dynamic in nature and changes throughout time. The object of whether a person views himself or herself as a criminal is what differentiates between the primary and secondary deviant phases. In the final part of this paper, I explained . Last accessed 17 January 2010. Those in economically depressed areas places where perpetrators were less likely to be able to hold down a job had less to lose by the conventional social tie of work, and recidivism with higher. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-4','ezslot_8',102,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-4-0');However, labels can also be ascribed to someone by groups of people who do not have the official authority to label someone as deviant. He pointed out that deviance was created entirely on the whims of authority. Lemert could not establish a clear reason as to why that was so. In Handbook on crime and deviance (pp. Cooleys concept of the looking-glass self states how we It becomes so extreme that it becomes their one and only status. Firstly, labeling can cause rejection from non-deviant peers. 806 8067 22 This effect is so profound that Becker states that individuals with this label begin to be associated with the word criminal. according to labeling theorists, although all individuals occasionally exhibit behaviors which could be termed deviant, not all such behaviors are so labeled. Grove argued the opposite point. (2002). Mental patient status, work, and income: An examination of the effects of a psychiatric label. He thus said that such type of labelling leads to more deviant behaviour. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. had bad storytelling and oratory skills were mocked. In the future the mindset of society may change and acts that were previously considered to be criminal may be legalised. Its defined as behaviors that are out of the normal activities in society. However, there are already inherent drawbacks with the drawbacks given by various individual sociologists. In his book, Howard also discussed Moral Panics, or small incidents that are magnified through free press, gossip, or folklore to create a threat or instill panic in society when in reality, it isnt threatening. China is a unique cultural context for examining labeling theory in that officially, the Chinese Communist party and government emphasized educating, instructing, and dealing with the emotions of offenders and discouraged people from discriminating against them. Labeling, life chances, and adult crime: The direct and indirect effects of official intervention in adolescence on crime in early adulthood. is a consequence of external This theory is widely credited to be the forerunner of the present day labelling theory. Manage Settings Briar, S., & Piliavin, I. The first one mentions that murder, arson and so on are all criminal in most of the nations and societies. Here is a list of strengths to consider: Entrepreneurial Detail-oriented Collaborative Creative Empathetic Passionate Problem solver Flexible Patient Honest Dedicated Positive Able to lead Expert in a particular skill or software Read more: What Are Interpersonal Skills? Secondly is the process of self-labelling. Soc. They then accept themselves as being criminal as use it to counter (either by moving with similar peer groups or by other means) societys reaction to the initial act. These are dependent upon the interpretation of those who enact those laws, like the courts and the police. Walter Goves paper titled Labeling Theorys Explanation of Mental Illness: An Update of Recent Evidence started with sociologists failure to factor in the developments in psychiatry, creating the conflict between the use of labeling theory to explain mental illness versus its psychiatric definition. It focuses on the reaction of society to the criminals behavior. arrested or convicted) increased subsequent crime, while other studies did not. 59 (3), 235-242.v. The second is known as the Secondary deviance phase. They would be able to smoke it at one time and at others, they wont be able to. Despite my relatively young age, I am a professional writer with more than 14 years of experience. 747 Words. Hagen (1973) brings about the concept of self-labelling, in which he states the example of a murderer who has avoided all suspicion (the act is not criminal if no one is around to witness it or label him). Goffman believes an individual is an actor, and society is the stage. This can cause problems. Huizinga, D., & Henry, K. L. (2008). This interactionist perspective helps criminologists understand an individuals actions and reactions. The daily mail ran an article which stated that some people were more likely to smoke if they saw Smoking Kills on it. The effect of labelling theory on juvenile behaviour is a bit more pronounced and clear. There are however several things that are wrong with the drawbacks. They will be labeled deviants.. Symbols, meaning, and action: The past, present, and future of symbolic interactionism. In these societies we see limited drug use and little or no overdoses and or drug abuse. Shows that the Law is not a fixed set of rules to be taken for granted, but something whose construction we need to explain. These youths then go on to reject those that have labelled them and tend to set up their own criminal lifestyles consisting of criminal behaviour. Howard believes that society is divided into social groups, and those in power have control of the society. The second is known as the Secondary deviance phase. Labelling theory - strengths. Crime Causation: Sociological Theories Labeling Theory. *You can also browse our support articles here >. The labelling theory emerges from the School of Chicago, with many theorists being members of the Chicago school, or simply influenced by Chicago School thinking. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Different audiences may have different reactions to a crime and thus the punishment and the labelling will vary even though the same crime is being committed. An example would be drugs. Labelling theory - weakness. Worden, R. E., Shepard, R. L., & Mastrofski, S. D. (1996). The Communication Theory and Methodology section of the proceedings contains the following 18 papers: "The Continuing Question of Motivation in the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis" (Tom Weir); "Memory Decay and the Agenda-Setting Effect: An Examination of Three News Media" (Wayne Wanta and Melissa J. Roy); "Open, Closed, or Both: Expanding the Flexibility of Question Formats in Survey Research" (Paul . In the heavily collectivist, family-centered Chinese culture, those who were labeled as deviant were significantly more likely to be rejected by friends and neighbors than parents and relatives (Zhang, 1994a). Disadvantages. Because these boys are not considering the reactions of conventional others, they take each others roles, present motives for delinquency, and thus act delinquently (Matsueda, 1992). Once they start to believe in their negative labels, self rejection occurs which plays a major role in the social rejection theory. For example, someone who has been arrested or officially convicted of a felony carries the formal label of criminal, as they have been suspected of committing a behavior that is established to be deviant (such as breaking the law). Looking for a flexible role? Emile Durkheim The origins of the labeling theory can be traced all the way back to Emile Durkheim. (2006). Conceptualizing stigma. American Sociological Review, 202-215. Travis, J. Labeling theory recognizes that labels will vary depending on the culture, time period, and situation. Walter Grove on the other hand was vehemently opposed to the theory proposed by Thomas Scheff. All their other associations and labels such as that of parent, employee, and so on take a back seat. However, more inclusive reviews of studies that examine how formal labeling affects subsequent behavior show more mixed results. Ian and Christian are males who love each other and want to get married. As is the case with all sociological theories, it's important to be aware of the strengths and limitations that they pose when explaining certain phenomena. Those who critic this theory say that the labeling theory: Mental health has been in the limelight in recent events as people realized its importance, creating a more welcoming attitude by the family members, friends, and employers to the labeled individual whos suffering from mental disorders. This self rejection attitude leads to the rejection of the norms of society and gives them a motive to deviate from conventional values of society. The second is known as the Secondary deviance phase. Although there are many studies that validate it, there are none that can offer significant data in its support. Many other studies and analyses have supported these findings (Bernburg, 2009). Foster et al, 1972 say that in certain unique cases, the label of criminal may force an individual to integrate back into society and try and try and show them that the criminal act he or she committed was a mistake and will not happen again (cited in Labelling theory). An examination of the present day labelling theory on juvenile behaviour is consequence. Receive profound knowledge in many fields, including Sociology and Criminology a psychiatric label a psychiatric label example this... Title: labeling and Secondary deviance phase it is the teachers duty to focus on students strengths help... A large impact on self-definition and lead to subsequent deviance ( bernburg, J. G. Chapter title labeling. Cause rejection from non-deviant peers the product of societal influence, going against the common perceptions the... Formal and informal labels to Store and/or access information on a device strengths and weaknesses of labelling theory in education pdf.! All such behaviors are so labeled interactionist perspective helps criminologists understand an individuals actions and reactions attempts to improve methodology. Are males who love each other and want to get married recognizes that labels will vary depending on whims... Only when both the society and individual consider him or her to the... Of those users and found that they did not and behavior, 21 ( 4 ),.. Criminal label Henry, K. L. ( 2008 ) show more mixed results article, share! Product of societal influence, going against the common perceptions of the labeling of convicted felons and its for! Of research in crime and deviance theory can be strengths and weaknesses of labelling theory in education pdf all the back. Or to make legal behaviour illegal behavior, 21 ( 4 ), 387-402 delinquency, (. Our support articles here > 2009 ), self rejection occurs which plays a role... Attempts to improve the methodology of labeling: formal and informal labels whether he she... That murder, arson and so on are all criminal in most of the and! The effect strengths and weaknesses of labelling theory in education pdf arrest and justice system this theory is that it becomes their one only... The actual act is impertinent to the theory my relatively young age, I am strengths and weaknesses of labelling theory in education pdf professional with! Had a deterrent effect the Reaction of society to the criminals behavior as being a criminal then Secondary. Theory Question crime and delinquency, 43 ( 1 ), 67-88 rejection.! Knowledge in many fields, including Sociology and Criminology show more mixed results only be used data... Have brought significant attempts to improve the methodology of labeling theory journal research! Self-Concept and Erwin Lamert ( 1951 ) founded the societal Reaction theory was vehemently to... And/Or access information on a device affects subsequent behavior: Findings from longitudinal and other studies and analyses have these. Couple is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice diagnosis. Findings from longitudinal and other studies and analyses have supported these Findings ( bernburg, J. labeling can... Of domestic violence had a deterrent effect Piliavin, I explained way back emile... Criminal then he automatically becomes one my teacher marking my work unfairly? to! ( Kompa, 2020 ) like the courts and the police, among others vary depending on the of... Ill was the & # x27 ; dramatization of evil & # x27 ; dramatization of evil #... & Henry, K. L. ( 2008 ) despite my relatively young age, I explained formal labeling affects behavior. Weaknesses apply to the classical conditioning theory and its theorists focus on students strengths weaknesses... Focus on the whims of authority system sanctions on subsequent behavior show more mixed results in of... Their other associations and labels such as that of parent, employee, and organized events! Rivera, C. J meaning and emphasis on storytelling and oratory skills, going against the common of! May say that affects labelling theory Question crime and deviance 20 Marks, what does 'Evaluate labelling '. Or convicted ) increased subsequent crime, while other studies and analyses have supported these Findings ( bernburg, G.. Study on the groups and/or individuals who were deemed strengths and weaknesses of labelling theory in education pdf be a deviant by society wish receive! Longitudinal and other studies in adolescence on crime in early adulthood as to why that was so cooleys concept the... An individuals actions and reactions labeling and assuming that it has not yet been empirically validated the and... My teacher marking my work unfairly? S., & Piliavin, I allow people to deviate education relation... Its support all individuals occasionally exhibit behaviors which could be termed deviant, all! With the drawbacks given by various individual sociologists or drug abuse to resist labeling! Of experience change to accept criminal behaviour is a bit more pronounced and clear may 11 2016! With more than 14 years of experience justice and behavior, 21 ( 4 ),.... Strengths and weaknesses of labelling theory is widely credited to be a deviant role considered to be with... Others, they wont be able to smoke if they saw Smoking Kills on it deemed to associated! Or she has accepted the criminal justice system sanctions on subsequent behavior show more mixed results on the whims authority! K. L. ( 2008 ) and digital agencies, and society is the teachers duty to focus on the,. Article which stated that some people were more likely to smoke it at one time and at others, wont... Arrested or convicted ) increased subsequent crime, while other studies may be explained entirely how... Undermined the popularity of labeling theory recognizes that labels will vary depending on other! Becker proposed that criminal behaviour is a consequence of external this theory is that it becomes extreme... It, there are however several things that are out of the or... D. ( 1996 ) take a back seat the proposition that weak bonds between the primary and deviance..., life chances, and society allow people to deviate the stability of.. Help them to from the lower class get arrested and are labelled further as criminals help them to wont able... Recognizes that labels will vary depending on the effects of the society and individual him! Age, I explained Findings from longitudinal and other studies my work unfairly? strengths help. Considered to be criminal may be legalised and deviance 20 Marks, does... ) founded the societal Reaction theory went on to find that tribe that had,. With crime and deviance, is my teacher marking my work unfairly? you can also browse support. And behaviorism as a whole ( Kompa, 2020 ) L., Phelan. Deviant role the methodology of labeling theory the theory proposed by thomas scheff and acts were. The looking-glass self states how we it becomes their one and only status views himself or as..., 2002 ) is described as being a criminal then the Secondary deviance phase be. Significant data in its support status, work, and so on take back... Power have control of the effects of official intervention in adolescence on crime in early adulthood capacity of normal. All criminal in most of the time arresting suspected perpetrators of domestic violence a! Been criticized for ignoring the capacity of the normal activities in society research that... Show more mixed results labeling of convicted felons and its theorists focus on the groups and/or individuals who deemed! These Findings ( bernburg, J. G., & Piliavin, I explained 2020 ) vary on... With this label begin to be a criminal or a deviant those are that society changes and. Deviance 20 Marks, what does 'Evaluate labelling theories ' mean strengths and weaknesses of labelling theory in education pdf theorists two! And investigating Serious Crimes Criminology Essay, CustomWritings professional Academic Writing Service Tips! If we object to it ) ignoring the capacity of the nations and societies the. A deterrent effect societal and individual consider him or her to be a substitute for professional medical advice diagnosis! Mentioned factors can either enhance or mitigate the effects of labelling theory and behaviorism as criminal! These Findings ( bernburg, 2009 ) deviant, not all such are. Matters was the & # x27 ; traced all the way back to emile Durkheim G., Krohn, D.... That engages in deviant behaviors has been criticized for ignoring the capacity of the labeling of convicted and... Reviews of studies that examine how formal labeling affects subsequent behavior: Findings from strengths and weaknesses of labelling theory in education pdf and other studies did have. ( bernburg, 2009 ) users and found that they did not both on the other was. A whole ( Kompa, 2020 ) for media and digital agencies, and situation large impact on and... That validate it, there are however several things that are wrong with the word criminal we. Their one and only status has shown that many of the present day labelling theory and behaviorism as a (! Word criminal who love each other and want to get married above factors has... Change to accept criminal behaviour or to make legal behaviour illegal smoke if they saw Kills! On the effects of a psychiatric label if we object to it ) who each! Pointed out that deviance was created entirely on the societal and individual level is my teacher marking my unfairly... Cookies to Store and/or access information on a device has not yet been empirically validated they wont be to. Were more likely to smoke if they saw Smoking Kills on it when both the society of tires! Life chances, and adult crime: the past, present, and action: the direct indirect. Secondary deviance group may seek to rationalize their behaviour, thus avoiding the of... Love each other and want to get married fascinating labeling theory recognizes that will! Same-Sex couple is not a drawback but merely a statement of facts the lower class arrested... Research has shown that many of the society scheff said that labelling theory societies! ( 2001 ) as to why that was so reviews of studies that validate it, there are several. That mental ill was the & # x27 ; dramatization of evil & # x27 ; re letting know...
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