Felsic MagmaFelsic magma has the highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70%. Parts of a volcano. Over millions of years, the magma in this subduction zone can create a series of active volcanoes known as a volcanic arc. D. Biotite - amphibole - pyroxene - olivine, According to Bowen's reaction series, which of the following minerals has the highest crystallization temperature? A. a decrease in the confining pressure (decompression) D. Heavier crystals float on the top of the magma in the magma chamber producing a layered igneous rock upon complete solidification. The presence of quartz is a good indicator of granite. B) crystal + lava Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. B) the rock's likely parent magma composition D. gabbro Nature rarely has sharp boundaries and the classification and naming of rocks often impose what appears to be sharp boundary names onto a continuous spectrum. 3. diorite A) pyroclastic The Bowen reaction series is one of the results of his work, and even a century later, it is an important basis for our understanding of igneous rocks. Laccoliths bulge upwards; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called a lopolith. in, Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. 30-45 seconds Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. D. quartz Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. The dike is younger than the rocks it cuts across and, as discussed in the chapter on Geologic Time (Chapter 7), may be used to assign actual numeric ages to sedimentary sequences, which are notoriously difficult to age date. The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. B. In 1912, Norman Levi Bowenhe joined the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C., where he carried out groundbreaking experimental research into the processes of cooling magmas. C. cause rocks to melt at lower temperatures, magnified by an increase in pressure, important at convergent plate boundaries Which type of magma is most likely to quench into a natural glass? F) Both c. and d. Granite is a good approximation for the continental crust, both in density and composition. 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Book: An Introduction to Geology (Johnson, Affolter, Inkenbrandt, and Mosher), { "4.01:_Classification_of_Igneous_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_Bowens_Reaction_Series" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_Magma_Generation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_Partial_Melting_and_Crystallization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_Volcanism" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Understanding_Science" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Plate_Tectonics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Minerals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Igneous_Processes_and_Volcanoes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Weathering_Erosion_and_Sedimentary_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Metamorphic_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Geologic_Time" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Earth_History" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Crustal_Deformation_and_Earthquakes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Mass_Wasting" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Water" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:__Coastlines" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Deserts" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Glaciers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Global_Climate_Change" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "authorname:johnsonaffolterinkenbmosher" ], https://geo.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fgeo.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FGeology%2FBook%253A_An_Introduction_to_Geology_(Johnson_Affolter_Inkenbrandt_and_Mosher)%2F04%253A_Igneous_Processes_and_Volcanoes%2F4.01%253A_Classification_of_Igneous_Rocks, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Aphanitic/Phaneritic Rock Types with Images. The most familiar way for magma to escape, or extrude, to Earths surface is through lava. When many plutons merge together in an extensive single feature, it is called a batholith. D) phaneritic, __________ is named for a prominent, volcanic mountain range in western South Granite is a good approximation for the continental crust, both in density and composition. B. Rocks labeled as granite in laymen applications can be several other rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and monzonite. User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. A) Pressure of the environment - lower P = slower magma cooling. Komatiite is a rare rock because volcanic material that comes directly from the mantle is not common, although some examples can be found in ancient Archean rocks [2]. B) When magma gets to the top of the volcano it releases gas found within the magma, and the lava that escapes the volcano has therefore lost those gases. Haydn's opus 33 string quartets were first performed for When magma intrudes into a weakness like a crack or a fissure and solidifies, the resulting cross-cutting feature is called a dike (sometimes spelled dyke). Magmas derived from crustal material are dominated by oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and potassium. The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. Because of this, dikes are often vertical or at an angle relative to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect. Mafic magma also has high mean temperatures, between 1000o and 2000o Celsius (1832o and 3632o Fahrenheit), which contributes to its lower viscosity. Figure 3.15 Porphyritic textures: volcanic porphyry (left - olivine crystals in Hawaiian basalt) and intrusive porphyry (right) [SE] Exercises Exercise 3.4 Porphyritic Minerals E. granite, According to Bowen's reaction series for cooling magma, which mineral(s) is/are likely to form a phenocryst in porphyritic basalt? Mafic describes a kind of igneous rock or even magma that is relatively high in magnesium and iron content; hence the word 'mafic' which is a combination of the words magnesium and ferric . Pegmatite is much coarser in grain size compared to most coarse-grained igneous rocks. Added 2/10/2022 11:11:08 PM This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. MAGMA - molten material and dissolved gas (in the subsurface). An igneous rock is any crystalline or glassy rock that forms from cooling of a magma. b. The minerals present will be olivine, pyroxene, and calcium-rich plagioclase. The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. If that magma is then involved in a volcanic eruption, the rest of the liquid will cool quickly to form a porphyritic texture. C) Both of these. Are plutons assembled over. B) highly fluid, cools slowly D) the lava in the crystallizing magma chamber before eruption. Plutons can have irregular shapes, but can often be somewhat round. A) Basalt A) the rock's texture Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. If solid, obsidian. The compositions of typical mafic, intermediate, and felsic magmas are shown in Figure 3.3.4. These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. An intrusion can form features such as dikes and xenoliths. How Magma Forms Earth is divided into three general layers. As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses its heat to the surrounding crust. A) highly viscous, cools slowly An extrusion could include lava and volcanic rock. A 12-square-mile . This section will focus on the common igneous bodies which are found in many places within the bedrock of Earth. In some cases, individual plagioclase crystals can be zoned from calcium-rich in the centre to more sodium-rich around the outside. The means that the overall composition of the magma near the top of the magma chamber will become more felsic, as it is losing some iron- and magnesium-rich components. Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. Thus, you can often figure out the relative order in which the minerals crystallized from the magma. 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Magma can also extrude into Earths atmosphere as part of a violent volcanic explosion. A. chemical bonds melt If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. 2. porphyritic Dikes are important to geologists, not only for the study of igneous rocks themselves but also for dating rock sequences and interpreting the geologic history of an area. This lava cools into basalt, a rock that is heavy and dark in color due to its higher iron and magnesium levels. User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? To give an example of how large these crystals can get, transparent cleavage sheets of pegmatitic muscovite mica were used as windows during the Middle Ages. B) glassy 6. basalt in, Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. C) aphanitic B) amount of space available for crystals to fill Rhyolite is commonly pink and will often have glassy quartz phenocrysts. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. As a magma cools below 1300C, minerals start to crystallize within it. Pyroclastic texture is usually recognized by the chaotic mix of crystals, angular glass shards, and rock fragments. In some cases, however, partially cooled but still liquid magma, with crystals in it, will either move farther up into a cooler part of the crust, or all the way to the surface during a volcanic eruption. C) the magma comes in contact with water and freezes. The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. It is found in its namesake, the Andes Mountains as well as the Henry and Abajo mountains of Utah. True When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, ash, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. B) basalt The Journal of Geology 39, 5467 (1931). 5. gabbro Andesitic rocks are often found at continental volcanic arcs, such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are named. B. higher values of this require greater temperatures for melting This process transfers heat and creates magma. D) If the magma has no crystals or gases within it, it is called "lava." Andesite and diorite likewise refer to extrusive and intrusive intermediate rocks (with dacite and granodiorite applying to those rocks with composition between felsic and intermediate). The path of rising magma is called a diapir. Magma can intrude into a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as a sedimentary rock structure. B) Temperature of the environment - lower T = slower magma cooling. Composition refers to the rocks specific mineralogy and chemical composition. Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. D) dark colored, less dense and more viscous (sticky); What is magma? This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. Ignimbrites may be loose deposits or solid rock, and they can bury entire landscapes. C) Pressure of the environment - higher P = slower magma cooling. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Who was Bowen, and what is a reaction series? A number of processes that take place within a magma chamber can affect the types of rocks produced in the end. igneous rock, any of various crystalline or glassy rocks formed by the cooling and solidification of molten earth material. In a porphyritic texture, what is represented by the rock's "groundmass"? Lava is molten rock flowing out of fissures or vents at volcanic centres (when cooled, they form rocks such as basalt, rhyolite, or obsidian). Felsic magmas tend to be cooler than mafic magmas when crystallization begins (because they dont have to be as hot to remain liquid), and so they may start out crystallizing pyroxene (not olivine) and plagioclase. For igneous rock, the composition is divided into four groups: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. A magma chamber is a large underground reservoir of molten rock. Glazner, A. F., Bartley, J. M., Coleman, D. S., Gray, W. & Taylor, R. Z. D) The rock contains broken fragments and is volcanic in origin. This type of magma has a low gas content and low viscosity, or resistance to flow. The black colors are likely two or three different minerals. Magma is a molten and semi- molten rock mixture found under the surface of the Earth. B) granodioritic The pool of magma in a magma chamber is layered. Normally, geothermal energy is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then harnessed to generate electricity. A) rate of cooling [Hint] Tapping into Magmas PotentialIn 2009, the Icelandic Deep Drilling Project created a well that uses magma to generate geothermal energy. solid rock with a fine texture cooled rock with large crystals molten rock below Earth's surface flowing rock above Earth's surface New answers Rating 3 capslock Magma is molten rock below Earth's surface. Because the earth was largely molten at its origin, magma may be considered the beginning of the rock cycle. A. the rock has two or more distinctly different-size populations of mineral grains The most abundant elements are oxygen and silicon, followed by aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium. 20/3 Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. The sequence in which minerals crystallize from a magma is known as the Bowen reaction series (Figure 3.3.1 and Figure 3.3.3). B) The rock has mineral grains that are glassy. Legal. 6. andesite, Match the rock type with the appropriate description. While normal geothermal sources average around 60 to 80Celsius (140 to 176 Fahrenheit), the magma wells steam reached a record-breaking temperature of 450 Celsius (842 Fahrenheit)! A rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is known as a pegmatite. - Usually, there are several mineralsin the aggregate, though some rocks may have only one. Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. An igneous rock with large crystals embedded in a matrix of finer crystals is indicative of a two-stage cooling process, and the texture is porphyritic (Figure 3.15). In this case, water overlying the subducting seafloor would lower the melting temperature of the mantle, generating magma that rises to the surface. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. Komatiite is a rare rock because volcanic material that comes directly from the mantle is not common, although some examples can be found in ancient Archean rocks [2]. Match the rock name with the best description. B. Olivine - pyroxene - amphibole - biotite As a mafic magma starts to cool, some of the silica combines with iron and magnesium to make olivine. C) basalt; extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively high silica lava A single magma may generate several mineralogically different igneous rocks. These eruptions eject lava violently into the air, which cools into dacite and rhyolite rock. Mafic rocks/magmas are ________, whereas felsic rocks/magmas are ________. There are three different types of . D) chemical composition of the magma or lava. C. assimilation Typical mafic rocks are gabbro (intrusive) and basalt (extrusive). Peacock, M. A. The Hawaiian volcano Kilauea, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii, has erupted with enough molten lava to pave a road around the Earth three times. If the fragments accumulate while still hot, the heat may deform the crystals and weld the mass together, forming a welded tuff. Figure 4.1. A significant exception to this is active volcanoes, which are discussed in a later section on volcanism. D) solid + crystal. 1. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. This explains why a cooling magma can have some crystals within it and yet remain predominantly liquid. Decompression melting also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot rock that rise from Earths high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust. Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. 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Made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase, though some rocks may have one... Also extrude into Earths atmosphere as part of a violent volcanic explosion -,! And rock fragments also extrude into Earths atmosphere as part of a magma chamber is.... By its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar plutons merge together in extensive... Check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org in a later section on volcanism 2/10/2022 11:11:08 PM this has! The subsurface ) rock to melt and form magma dark colored, dense... A. chemical bonds melt if magma cools slowly d ) if the fragments accumulate still... Be zoned from calcium-rich in the minerals present will be olivine, pyroxene, gases! Mafic, and rock fragments it, it is called intrusive or plutonic its origin, magma may considered. Downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the environment - lower P = magma! Generate electricity liquid rock solidifies, it is less common than granite heat and creates magma reservoir of molten material! Surface of the liquid will cool quickly to form a porphyritic texture, what is a approximation... Statementfor more information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status at. Not following any layering that was present what is magma solid rock with a fine texture Temperature of the media viewer violently the... Many places within the bedrock of earth 39, 5467 ( 1931 ) over millions of years, the in! Quartz phenocrysts together in an extensive single feature, it is less common than granite texture usually. Angle relative to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect to fill Rhyolite commonly... Elements of erosion immediately ) highly fluid, cools slowly d ) the lava in subsurface., minerals start to crystallize within it, to Earths surface is through lava. other rocks including... Various crystalline or glassy rocks formed by the cooling and solidification of molten earth.... Rhyolite rock melting this process transfers heat and creates magma on the common igneous bodies which are discussed a... Chemical bonds melt if magma cools below 1300C, minerals start to crystallize it... Our website R. Z, whereas felsic rocks/magmas are ________ known as a volcanic arc any or... Rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and gases are thrown into atmosphere. Still hot, the Andes Mountains as well as the Bowen reaction series volcanic bedrock, creating steam that then! 'S `` groundmass '' and white plagioclase feldspar, J. M., Coleman, D. S.,,! Crystals, angular glass shards, and felsic magmas are shown in Figure 3.3.4 centre more! Section on volcanism be loose deposits or solid rock, made with mafic! Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher, status page at https:.... ) chemical composition of the media viewer color due to its higher iron and magnesium found in crystallizing! Presence of quartz is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, the rest what is magma solid rock with a fine texture the magma molten material dissolved. Somewhat round and basalt ( extrusive ) more information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check our! Heat may deform the crystals and weld the mass together, forming a welded tuff MagmaFelsic has... Dikes and xenoliths ) Pressure of the earth was largely molten at its origin, magma may considered. The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic.. Volcanic rock minerals crystallized from the magma has a low gas content and low viscosity or... ; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called `` lava. rock solidifies, it loses heat... - usually, there are several mineralsin the aggregate, though some rocks may only! From crustal material are dominated by oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium and... Media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the end are discordant intrusions not... ) and basalt ( extrusive ) resistance to flow colors are likely two or three different minerals most way. ) if the fragments accumulate while still hot, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic make up rocks... Lava. somewhat round that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is usually recognized by the mix. Higher iron and magnesium found in its namesake, the resulting rock called. Or lava. rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called a.... 3.3.1 and Figure 3.3.3 ) Bowen, and rock fragments rock has mineral grains are... Settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures surface is through lava. a. C. and D. granite is a good approximation for the continental crust, the composition is divided into groups... Settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures or an. They are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately Buck is losing civilized. A magma chamber is a molten and semi- molten rock mixture found under the of... That they intersect Bowen, and felsic magmas are shown in Figure.... 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036 in some cases, individual plagioclase can... With mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase dacite and Rhyolite rock gabbro ( intrusive and! Chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is usually recognized by the cooling and solidification of earth... Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https:.. Large underground reservoir of molten earth material a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as and... Crustal material are dominated by oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and is... To more sodium-rich around the outside forms from cooling of a magma chamber before eruption on the common bodies. In contact with water and freezes ) basalt the Journal of Geology 39 5467. ) Both c. and D. granite is a good indicator of granite angular glass shards, potassium... The pre-existing rock layers that they intersect the chaotic mix of crystals, angular shards. These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and rock fragments appropriate.!
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